Derivation of the reflection integral equation of the zeta function by the quaternionic analysis

 

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2019/02/23

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Published 2014/5/18

K. Sugiyama[1]

 

We derive the reflection integral equation of the zeta function by the quaternionic analysis.

 

導出方法の枠組み

Figure 3.1: The framework of the method of derivation

 

Many researchers have attempted proof of the Riemann hypothesis, but they have not been successful. The proof of this Riemann hypothesis has been an important mathematical issue. In this paper, we attempt to derive the reflection integral equation from the quaternionic analysis as preparation proving the Riemann hypothesis.

 

We obtain a generating function of the inverse Mellin-transform. We obtain new generating function by multiplying the generating function with exponents and reversing the sign. We derive the reflection integral equation from inverse Z-transform of the generating function.

 

CONTENTS

1      Introduction. 1

1.1       Issue. 1

1.2       Importance of the issue. 1

1.3       Research trends so far 1

1.4       New derivation method of this paper 1

2      Confirmations of known results. 1

2.1       The quaternion. 1

2.2       The quaternionic analysis. 1

2.3       Cauchy’s residue theorem.. 1

2.4       Hurewicz’s Z-transform.. 1

2.5       The Mellin transform.. 1

2.6       Euler's gamma function. 1

2.7       Euler's beta function. 1

2.8       Riemann zeta function. 1

3      Derivation of the reflection integral equation. 1

3.1       The framework of the method of derivation. 1

3.2       Derivation of the reflection integral equation from the inverse Mellin transform.. 1

4      Conclusion. 1

5      Future issues. 1

6      Bibliography. 1

 

1       Introduction

1.1      Issue

Many researchers have attempted to prove the Riemann hypothesis, but they have not been successful. The proof of this Riemann hypothesis has been an important mathematical issue. In this paper, we attempt to derive the reflection integral equation from the quaternionic analysis as preparation proving the Riemann hypothesis.

1.2      Importance of the issue

Proof of the Riemann hypothesis is one of the most important unsolved problems in mathematics.

 

For this reason, many mathematicians have tried the proof of the Riemann hypothesis. However, those trials were not successful. One of the methods proving Riemann hypothesis is interpreting the zeros of the zeta function as the eigenvalues of a certain operator. However, no one found the operator until now. We are able to consider the reflection integral equation as the one of the operators. For this reason, derivation of the reflection integral equation is an important issue.

1.3      Research trends so far

Leonhard Euler introduced the zeta function in 1737. Bernhard Riemann expanded the argument of the function to the complex number in 1859.

 

David Hilbert and George Polya[2] suggested that the zeros of the function were probably eigenvalues of a certain operator around 1914. This conjecture is called Hilbert-Polya conjecture.

Zeev Rudnick and Peter Sarnak[3] are studying the distribution of zeros by random matrix theory in 1996. Shigenobu Kurokawa is studying the field with one element[4] around 1996. Alain Connes[5] showed the relation between noncommutative geometry and the Riemann hypothesis in 1998. Christopher Deninger[6] is studying the eigenvalue interpretation of the zeros in 1998.

1.4      New derivation method of this paper

We obtain a generating function of the inverse Mellin-transform. We obtain new generating function by multiplying the generating function with exponents and reversing the sign. We derive the reflection integral equation from inverse Z-transform of the generating function.

 

(Reflection integral equation of quaternion)

(1.1)

 

The variable u is a new unit quaternion which is constructed by unit quaternions i, j, and k.

(1.2)

(1.3)

 

2       Confirmations of known results

In this chapter, we confirm known results.

 

2.1      The quaternion

Euler used the complex number in about 1748.

(2.1)

William Rowan Hamilton[7] published the quaternion in 1843.

(2.2)

We define the quaternion as follows.

(2.3)

(2.4)

 

We define the order of the division of the quaternions as follows.

(The order of the division of the quaternions)

(2.5)

 

We define the quaternion conjugate as follows.

(2.6)

We define the quaternionic function as follows.

(2.7)

We define the absolute square as follows.

(2.8)

 

In this paper, we define the following symbols.

(2.9)

(2.10)

 

 

2.2      The quaternionic analysis

Augustin-Louis Cauchy [8]  introduced the following equation for the complex analysis in 1814. Riemann[9] used this equation for the complex analysis in 1851.

(Cauchy - Riemann differential equation)

(2.11)

 

Karl Rudolf Fueter [10] introduced the following equation as the analogue of Cauchy - Riemann equation for the quaternionic analysis in 1934.

(Cauchy - Riemann - Fueter differential equation)

(2.12)

 

Cauchy introduced the following integral formula.

(Cauchy's integral formula)

(2.13)

Here, S1 is the contour path.

 

Fueter introduced the following formula as the analogue of Cauchy's integral formula.

(Cauchy - Fueter's integral formula)

(2.14)

Here S 3 is the three-dimensional closed surface. We define Dq as follows.

(2.15)

Here dS is the volume element on the three-dimensional closed surface S 3.

We obtain the following formula by substituting the above formula to the integral formula.

(2.16)

(2.17)

The detail of the quaternionic analysis described in Sudbery’s paper[11] in 1979.

 

 

The above formula has an absolute value of the quaternion. In this paper, we introduce the following new formula that does not have the absolute value of the quaternion.

(Cauchy's integral formula for quaternions)

(2.18)

Here, S1 is the integral path in quaternionic space.

 

メリン逆変換の積分経路

Figure 2.1: The integral path S1 in quaternionic space

 

We call the plane that contain the integral path S1 unit quaternion plane. Though quaternion is noncommutative, the quaternion on the unit quaternion plane is commutative. Therefore, we can ignore the noncommutativity of the quaternion.

 

 

The variable u is a new unit quaternion which is constructed by unit quaternions i, j, and k.

(2.19)

(2.20)

 

We can express any unit quaternion q on the unit quaternion plane as follows.

(2.21)

 

2.3      Cauchy’s residue theorem

Augustin-Louis Cauchy published the residue theorem[12] in 1831.

 

We suppose that a function F (z) has an isolated singularity c on a domain D. Then, we have the following formula for the simple closed curve ∂D circles round the domain D.

(The residue theorem)

(2.22)

 

We define the residue theorem for the quaternion as follows.

(The residue theorem for the quaternion)

(2.23)

Here, the variable u is a unit quaternion.

 

2.4      Hurewicz’s Z-transform

Witold Hurewicz [13] published Z-transform in 1947. When the function F (z) is holomorphic over the domain D = {0 <|z|< R}, we are able to transform the function to the series which converges uniformly in a wider sense over the domain.

(Z-transform)

(2.24)

(2.25)

(2.26)

 

We define the inverse Z-transform as follows.

(Inverse Z-transform)

(2.27)

(2.28)

 

We define the inverse Z-transform of the quaternion as follows.

(Inverse Z-transform of the quaternion)

(2.29)

(2.30)

Here, the variable u is a unit quaternion.

 

2.5      The Mellin transform

Hjalmar Mellin[14] published the Mellin transform in 1904.

(The Mellin transform)

(2.31)

(2.32)

 

We define the inverse Mellin transform by the following contour integration.

(The inverse Mellin transform)

(2.33)

(2.34)

 

On the other hand, we define the inverse Mellin transform of quaternion by the following contour integration.

(The inverse Mellin transform of quaternion)

(2.35)

(2.36)

Here C is the integral path in quaternion space. The variable u is a unit quaternion.

 

The integral path circles around all poles of the integrand. For example, we suppose the integral path S1 as follows. The white circles mean poles.

 

メリン逆変換の積分経路

Figure 2.2: The integral path C in the quaternionic space

 

 

 

2.6      Euler's gamma function

Leonhard Euler[15] introduced the gamma function as a generalization of the factorial in 1729.

(Definitional integral formula of the gamma function)

(2.37)

 

We introduced the integral representation of the gamma function.

(Contour integration of gamma function)

(2.38)

Here, the variable u is a unit quaternion.

The integral path γ is shown in the following figure. The white circles mean poles.

 

ガンマ関数の積分経路

Figure 2-3: The integral path of the gamma function

 

 

2.7      Euler's beta function

Leonhard Euler introduced the beta function in 1768 in his book[16]. We express the Beta function by using the gamma functions.

(Definitional formula of the beta function)

(2.39)

 

2.8      Riemann zeta function

Bernhard Riemann[17] introduced the zeta function in 1859.

(The zeta function)

(2.40)

 

We express the zeta function by the gamma function as follows.

(The zeta function)

(2.41)

 

We interpret the above formula as the following Mellin transform.

(The Mellin transform)

(2.42)

(2.43)

(2.44)

(2.45)

 

We have the inverse Mellin transform of the function as follows.

(The inverse Mellin transform)

(2.46)

(2.47)

(2.48)

(2.49)

The variable u is a unit quaternion.

 

 

We have the analytic continuation of the zeta function as follows.

(The analytic continuation of the zeta function)

(2.50)

 

We interpret the above formula as the following the inverse Z-transform.

(Inverse Z-transform)

(2.51)

(2.52)

(2.53)

(2.54)

 

We show the closed surface γ3 in the following figure. The white circles mean poles.

 

ゼータ関数の積分経路

Figure 2.4: The integral path of the zeta function

 

We have the Z-transform of the function as follows.

(The Z-transform)

(2.55)

(2.56)

(2.57)

(2.58)

 

 

The generating functions of the Mellin transform and Z-transform have the following relationship.

(2.59)

(2.60)

 

 

3       Derivation of the reflection integral equation

3.1      The framework of the method of derivation

We have the inverse Mellin transform of zeta function as follows.

(3.1)

(3.2)

(3.3)

(3.4)

 

We have the inverse Z-transform of the function as follows.

(3.5)

(3.6)

(3.7)

(3.8)

 

The generating functions of the Mellin transform and Z-transform have the following relationships.

(3.9)

(3.10)

 

We show the framework of the method of derivation in the following figure.

 

 

導出方法の枠組み

Figure 3.1: The framework of the method of derivation

 

We get the reflection integral equation by the above framework.

(Reflection integral equation)

(3.11)

 

This paper explains this derivation method.

 

3.2      Derivation of the reflection integral equation from the inverse Mellin transform

We have the inverse Mellin transform of the zeta function as follows.

(3.12)

(3.13)

(3.14)

(3.15)

 

The three-dimensional closed surface S3 of the inverse Mellin transform needs to circle around all poles of the integrand. Then we adopt the closed surface S3 as follows. The white circles mean poles.

 

メリン逆変換の積分経路

Figure 3.2: The integral path of the inverse Mellin transform

 

On the other hand, we have the inverse Z-transform of the function as follows.

(Inverse Z-transform)

(3.16)

(3.17)

(3.18)

(3.19)

 

We show the integral path in the following figure. The white circles mean poles.

 

ゼータ関数の積分経路

Figure 3.3: The integral path of the zeta function

 

We deform the equation of the inverse Z-transform as follows.

(3.20)

We replace s to 1-s as follows.

(3.21)

 

We obtain the following equation by substituting the equation of the inverse Mellin transform.

(3.22)

 

The quaternion on the unit quaternion plane is commutative. We can ignore the noncommutativity of the quaternion because we integrate the function by the variable on the unit quaternion plane in this section.

 

In order to integrate the above equation for the variable z, we deform the above equation as follows.

(3.23)

We apply the following formula to the above equation.

(Contour integral formula of the gamma function)

(3.24)

 

Then we obtain get the following equation.

(3.25)

(3.26)

(3.27)

 

We simplify the above equation by using the following beta function.

(3.28)

 

Then, we get the following equation.

(Reflection integral equation)

(3.29)

We show the integral path in the following figure. The white circles mean poles.

 

 

We show the three-dimensional closed surface S3 in the following figure. The white circles mean poles.

ゼータ関数の周回積分方程式の積分経路

Figure 3.4: The integral path of the reflection formula of the zeta function

 

4       Conclusion

We obtained the following results in this paper.

- We derived reflection integral equation.

 

5       Future issues

We show the future issues as follows.

 

-          To study the eigenvalues of integral equation.

 

 

6       References



[1] Mail: sugiyama_xs@yahoo.co.jp

[2] Andres Odlyzko, “Correspondence about the origins of the Hilbert-Polya Conjecture”, (1981).

[3] Zeev Rudnick; Peter Sarnak, “Zeros of Principal L-functions and Random Matrix Theory”, Duke Journal of Mathematics 81 (1996): 269-322.

[4] Yu. I. Manin, “Lectures on zeta functions and motives (according to Deninger and Kurokawa)”, Ast'erisque No. 228 (1995), 4, 121-163.

[5] Alain Connes, “Trace formula in noncommutative geometry and the zeros of the Riemann zeta function” (1998), http://arxiv.org/abs/math/9811068.

[6] C. Deninger, “Some analogies between number theory and dynamical systems on foliated spaces”, Doc. Math. J. DMV. Extra Volume ICMI (1998), 23-46.

[7] Hamilton, William Rowan. On quaternions, or on a new system of imaginaries in algebra. Philosophical Magazine. Vol. 25, n 3. p. 489-495. 1844.

[8] Cauchy, A.L. (1814), Mémoire sur les intégrales définies, Oeuvres complètes Ser. 1 1, Paris (published 1882), pp. 319-506.

[9] Riemann, B. (1851), "Grundlagen für eine allgemeine Theorie der Funktionen einer veränderlichen komplexen Grösse", in H. Weber, Riemann's gesammelte math. Werke, Dover (published 1953), pp. 3-48.

[10] Fueter R.: Die Funktionentheorie der Differentialgleichungen Δu=0 und ΔΔu=0 mit vier reellen Variablen.Comment. Math. Helv. 7 (1934), 307-330.

[11] A. Sudbery (1979) "Quaternionic Analysis", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 85:199-225.

[12] Augustin-Louis Cauchy, “Mémoire sur les rapports qui existent entre le calcul des Résidus et le calcul des Limites, et sur les avantages qu'offrent ces deux calculs dans la résolution des équations algébriques ou transcendantes (Memorandum on the connections that exist between the residue calculus and the limit calculus, and on the advantages that these two calculi offer in solving algebraic and transcendental equations)”, presented to the Academy of Sciences of Turin, November 27, (1831).

[13] Witold Hurewicz, “Filters and Servo Systems with Pulsed Data”, in Theory of Servomechanics. McGraw-Hill (1947).

[14] Hjalmar Mellin, “Die Dirichlet'schen Reihen, die zahlentheoretischen Funktionen und die unendlichen Produkte von endlichem Geschlecht”, Acta Math. 28 (1904), 37-64.

[15] Leonhard Euler, Euler's letter to Goldbach 15 October (1729) (OO715).

[16] Leonhard Euler, E342 - “Institutionum calculi integralis volumen primum (Foundations of Integral Calculus, volume 1)”, First Section, De integratione formularum differentialum, Chapter 9, De evolutione integralium per producta infinita. (1768).

[17] Bernhard Riemann, “Über die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse (On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude)”, Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie, 671-680 (1859).


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